Methods of risk estimation for cardiovascular disease

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Evaluation of the global risk induced by the atherosclerotic process, which starts to develop at early young ages, is of paramount importance with regard to prevention and treatment. Therefore, several risk calculation systems have been developed, which are mainly based on the evaluation of atherosclerotic risk factors. This article reviews the most commonly used risk estimation systems, some problematic issues with these systems, and updated guidelines.